Bridge Scour and Stream Instability Countermeasures: Experience, Selection, and Design Guidance-Third Edition, Volume 1

FHWA-NHI-09-111
September 2009

The purpose of this document is to identify and provide design guidelines for bridge scour and stream instability countermeasures that have been implemented by various State departments of transportation (DOTs) in the United States. Countermeasure experience, selection, and design guidance are consolidated from other FHWA publications in this document to support a comprehensive analysis of scour and stream instability problems and provide a range of solutions to those problems. The results of recently completed National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) projects are incorporated in the design guidance, including: countermeasures to protect bridge piers and abutments from scour; riprap design criteria, specifications, and quality control, and environmentally sensitive channel and bank protection measures. Selected innovative countermeasure concepts and guidance derived from practice outside the United States are introduced. In addition, guidance for the preparation of Plans of Action (POA) for scour critical bridges has been expanded to include a standard template for POA and instructions for its use.

Bridge Scour and Stream Instability Countermeasures: Experience, Selection, and Design Guidance-Third Edition, Volume 2

FHWA-NHI-09-112
September 2009

This document identifies and provides design guidelines for bridge scour and stream instability countermeasures that have been implemented by various State departments of transportation (DOTs) in the United States. Countermeasure experience, selection, and design guidance are consolidated from other FHWA publications in this document to support a comprehensive analysis of scour and stream instability problems and provide a range of solutions to those problems. Selected innovative countermeasure concepts and guidance derived from practice outside the United States are introduced. Management strategies and guidance for developing a Plan of Action for scour critical bridges are outlined, and guidance is provided for scour monitoring using portable and fixed instrumentation.

The results of recently completed National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) projects are incorporated in the design guidance, including: countermeasures to protect bridge piers and abutments from scour; riprap design criteria, specifications, and quality control; and environmentally sensitive channel and bank protection measures. This additional material required expanding HEC-23 to two volumes. Volume 1 now contains a complete chapter on riprap design, specifications, and quality control as well as an expanded chapter on biotechnical countermeasures. The guidance on scour monitoring instrumentation has been updated and now includes additional installation case studies. Volume 2 contains 19 detailed design guidelines grouped into six categories, including countermeasures for: (1) stream instability (2) streambank and roadway embankment protection, (3) bridge pier protection, (4) abutment protection, (5) filter design, and (6) special applications.

Design of Hydraulic Steel Structures

U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
ETL 1110-2-584
30 June 2014

We also have the older document, Design of Hydraulic Steel Structures (EM 1110-2-2105, 31 March 1993) available for download.

This manual prescribes guidance for (a) designing hydraulic steel structures (HSS) by load and resistance factor design (LRFD) and (b) fracture control. Allowable stress
design (ASD) guidance is provided as an alternative design procedure or for those structure types where LRFD criteria have yet to be developed.

Earthquake Design and Evaluation of Concrete Hydraulic Structures

U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
EM 1110-2-6053
1 May 2007

This manual provides guidance for performance-based design and evaluation of concrete hydraulic structures (CHS). It introduces procedures that show how to design or evaluate a hydraulic structure to have a predictable performance for specified levels of seismic hazard. Traditional design and evaluation procedures may still be used for feasibility and screening purposes. However, for critical facilities, they should be followed by the procedures of this manual to prevent sudden collapse even though the structure may suffer severe damage, to limit damage to a repairable level, or to maintain functionality immediately after the earthquake.

Evaluating Scour at Bridges

L.A. Arneson, L.W. Zevenbergen, P.F. Lagasse, P.E. Clopper
FHWA-HIF-12-003
HEC-18
April 2012

This document is the fifth edition of HEC-18. It presents the state of knowledge and practice for the design, evaluation and inspection of bridges for scour. There are two companion documents, HEC-20 entitled “Stream Stability at Highway Structures,” and HEC-23 entitled “Bridge Scour and Stream Instability Countermeasures.” These three documents contain updated material from previous editions and continued research by NCHRP, FHWA, State DOTs, and universities. This fifth edition of HEC-18 also contains revisions obtained from further scour-related developments and the use of the 2001 edition by the highway community.

The major changes in the fifth edition of HEC-18 are: expanded discussion on the policy and regulatory basis for the FHWA Scour Program, including risk-based approaches for evaluations, developing Plans of Action (POAs) for scour critical bridges, and expanded discussion on countermeasure design philosophy (new vs. existing bridges). This fifth edition includes: a new section on contraction scour in cohesive materials, an updated abutment scour section, alternative abutment design approaches, alternative procedures for estimating pier scour, and new guidance on pier scour with debris loading. There is a new chapter on soils, rock and geotechnical considerations related to scour. Additional changes include: a new approach for pier scour in coarse material, new sections on pier scour in cohesive materials and pier scour in erodible rock, revised guidance for vertical contraction scour (pressure flow) conditions, guidance for predicting scour at bottomless culverts, deletion of the “General Scour” term, and revised discussion on scour at tidal bridges to reflect material now covered in HEC-25 (2nd Edition).

Hydraulic Design of Flood Control Channels

U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
EM 1110-2-1601
1 July 1991/30 June 1994

This manual presents procedures for the design analysis and criteria of design for improved channels that carry rapid and/or tranquil flows.

Procedures are presented without details of the theory of the hydraulics involved since these details can be found in any of various hydraulic textbooks and publications available to the design engineer. Theories and procedures in design, such as flow in curved channels, flow at bridge piers, flow at confluences, and side drainage inlet structures, that are not covered fully in textbooks are discussed in detail with the aid of Hydraulic Design Criteria (HDC) charts published by the US Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station (USAEWES). The charts and other illustrations are included in Appendix B to aid the designer. References to HDC are by HDC chart number. The use of models to develop and verify design details is discussed briefly. Typical calculations are presented to illustrate the principles of design for channels under various conditions of flow. Electronic computer programming techniques are not treated in this manual. However, most of the basic hydraulics presented herein can be adapted for computer use as illustrated in Appendix D.

Hydraulic Design of Navigation Dams

U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
EM 1110-2-1605
12 May 1987

This manual provides guidance in designing, constructing, and operating navigation dams. Some of the factors affecting the safety and efficiency of waterways that are discussed include: types of dams; environmental considerations; equipment in general use on navigation dams; options of design to accommodate ice/debris passage, emergency operation; normal operation to pass flood flows, removal of sediment, or assistance in hydropower development. Some information is also provided on the repair and rehabilitation of existing structures.

Hydraulic Design of Spillways

U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
EM 1110-2-1603
16 January 1990 (original)/31 August 1992 (errata #1)

This manual presents guidance for the hydraulic design of spillways for flood control or multipurpose dams. Procedures recommended are considered appropriate for structures suitable to most of the field conditions encountered in Corps of Engineer projects. Basic theory is presented as required to clarify presentation and where the state of the art is limited in textbooks. Both laboratory and prototype experimental test results have been correlated with current theory in the design guidance where possible.

Introduction to Highway Hydraulics

James D. Schall, Everett V. Richardson, and Johnny L. Morris
FHWA-NHI-08-090
June 2008

This document provides an introduction to highway hydraulics. Hydrologic techniques presented concentrate on methods suitable to small areas, since many components of highway drainage (culverts, storm drains, ditches, etc.) service primarily small areas. A brief review of fundamental hydraulic concepts is provided, including continuity, energy, momentum, hydrostatics, weir flow and orifice flow. The document then presents open channel flow principles and design applications, followed
by a parallel discussion of closed conduit principles and design applications. Open channel applications include discussion of stable channel design and pavement drainage. Closed conduit applications include culvert and storm drain design. Examples are provided to help illustrate important concepts. An overview of energy dissipators is provided and the document concludes with a brief discussion of construction, maintenance and economic issues.

As the title suggests, Hydraulic Design Series No. 4 provides only an introduction to the design of highway drainage facilities and should be particularly useful for designers and engineers without extensive drainage training or experience. More detailed information on each topic discussed is provided by other Hydraulic Design Series and Hydraulic Engineering Circulars.

This publication is an update of the third edition. Revisions were necessary to reflect new information given in the third edition of HEC-14 (Hydraulic Design of Energy Dissipators for Culverts and Channels,) the third edition of HEC-15 (Design of Roadside Channels with Flexible Linings), and the third edition of HEC-22 (Urban Drainage Design Manual).

Planning and Design of Hydroelectric Power Plant Structures

U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
EM 1110-2-3001
30 April 1995

This manual presents a discussion of the general, architectural and structural considerations applicable to the design of hydroelectric power plant structures. It is intended for the guidance of those elements within the Corps of Engineers responsible for the planning and design of such structures. It should also be used in establishing minimum criteria for the addition of hydropower facilities at existing Corps of Engineers projects, whether by Corps of Engineers or a non-Federal developer.

Response Spectra and Seismic Analysis for Concrete Hydraulic Structures

U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
EM 1110-2-6050
30 June 1999

This manual describes the development and use of response spectra for the seismic analysis of concrete hydraulic structures. The manual provides guidance regarding how earthquake ground motions are characterized as design response spectra and how they are then used in the process of seismic structural analysis and design. The manual is intended to be an introduction to the seismic analysis of concrete hydraulic structures. More detailed seismic guidance on specific types of hydraulic structures will be covered in engineer manuals and technical letters on those structures.

Chapter 1 provides an overview of the seismic assessment process for hydraulic structures and the responsibilities of the project team involved in the process, and also briefly summarizes the methodologies that are presented in Chapters 2 and 3. In Chapter 2, methodology for seismic analysis of hydraulic structures is discussed, including general concepts, design criteria, structural modeling, and analysis and interpretation of results. Chapter 3 describes methodology for developing the earthquake ground motion inputs for the seismic analysis of hydraulic structures. Emphasis is on developing response spectra of ground motions, but less detailed guidance is also provided for developing acceleration time-histories.

Structural Design and Evaluation of Outlet Works

U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
EM 1110-2-2400
2 June 2003

This manual provides guidance for the planning and structural design and analysis of intake structures and other outlet works features used on U.S. Army Corps of Engineers projects for the purpose of flood control, water supply, water quality and temperature control, recreation, or hydropower.

This manual presents guidance for the planning and design of outlet works structures, with special emphasis on intake towers. Other outlet works structures covered include tunnels, cut-and-cover conduits, access bridges, gate structures, and approach and discharge channel structures. Appurtenant features covered include trashracks, gates, valves, and mechanical and electrical operating equipment. Chapter 2 presents general planning and design information; Chapters 3 and 4 provide structural and seismic design guidance; Chapter 5 describes trashracks, bulkheads, gates, valves, and operating equipment; and Chapter 6 covers access bridge design requirements and describes special detailing considerations. Appendices B through E cover the seismic design and evaluation of intake towers.

Waterstops and Other Preformed Joint Materials for Civil Works Structures

US Army Corps of Engineers
EM 1110-2-2102
30 September 1995

This manual provides guidance on effective and economical selection, evaluation, and use of waterstops, preformed compression seals, and other preformed joint materials in the construction of concrete structures. It provides information on types of waterstops and other preformed joint materials used in hydraulic and non-hydraulic concrete structures, including locks, dams, floodwalls, storage tanks, pavements, buildings, bridge decks, and other concrete structures.

Concrete is normally subject to changes in length, shape, or volume caused by changes in temperature, moisture content, reactions with atmospheric carbon dioxide, or by the application of loads. One method of controlling and minimizing the effect of these changes or movements is to provide joints at which the movement can be accommodated without loss of integrity of the structure. There are many other reasons for providing joints in concrete structures such as at doors, windows, cladding, mechanical breaks, or to simplify construction. These joints must usually be sealed to prevent passage of excessive amounts of gases, liquids, or other unwanted substances into and or through the joint openings. Some preformed joint materials not only prevent the passage of undesirable substances but also prevent the entry of hardened particles into the joint that may eventually cause the concrete to crack or chip along the edge of the joint.